Some important data points on the Rawalpindi riots: • Murree Road was among the main sites of violence in Rawalpindi city—in alliance with Raja Bazaar and Lal Kurti • FIRs were filed for attacks there, but details and names have not surfaced publicly. • Accounts by historians claim that Pakistani policemen aided mobs, and attackers were identifiable by name and village in those FIRs https://www.punjabpartition.com/single-post/2019/09/08/the-rape-of-rawalpindi Article in Daily times by Haroon Mustafa Janjua: https://dailytimes.com.pk/107186/rawalpindi-a-communal-episode/?utm_source=chatgpt.com On March 5, 1947, on hearing of the firing on Hindu and Sikh students of Lahore, the Hindu-Sikh students of Rawalpindi took out a procession, protesting against the Muslim attempt at the formation of a communal (Muslim League) ministry in the Punjab, and the police firing on the non-violent procession of Hindu and Sikh students. This procession was attacked by Muslim Leaguers. There was a free fight, of which the Muslims got the worst of it. Then a huge Muslim mob from the countryside, incited for an attack on Hindus and Sikhs by the Pir of Golra, a Muslim religious head and a leader of this area, fell upon the town. But the Hindus and Sikhs fought them from their mohallas in trenches, and the Muslims lost again (P.78, SGPC Report). I visited Chotta Bazaar Saddar, Rawalpindi on March 26 and 27, from dawn to dusk. On the first day, I did not succeed in meeting any witnesses, but after asking around, I came to know about Ghulam Abbas, an old man running a shop with his grandsons. He narrated the happenings in his residential area and the Raja Bazaar. Here is the excerpt from his interview: “I was born on June 1922, in Rawalpindi. All communities — Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs — were living peacefully in our residential area. We had very good relations with our Hindu neighbours, and Sikhs in our mohalla. Om Parkash and Lala Parshad Ram were bankers; we had one common wall between our houses, and women from both sides exchanged gossip. We were all living like brothers and sisters. The situation deteriorated when Master Tara Singh spoke against the Muslim League in Lahore, and issued a proactive statement. If he hadn’t done that, immediate violence had not taken place. It was early March days when I went to the Raja Bazaar to buy goods from a Sikh wholesale trader. I was in their mohalla, it was 12:00 pm, and clashes began. We had business relations with that Sardar, and he immediately went with me and hid me inside his room. He advised me to keep calm, and told me that if some other Sikhs knew about my presence there, they would kill me. I was afraid, but he took care of me. When the curfew was over, he said to me that the situation was better, and I must leave. I stayed inside his house for 45 minutes.”

On May 14, 1947, the Viceroy assured Abul Kalam Azad that he would “give complete assurance at least on this one question.” He would see to it that there was no bloodshed and riot. “I am a soldier, not a civilian. Once partition is accepted in principle, I shall issue orders to see that there are no communal disturbances anywhere in the country.” He added that he would adopt the sternest measures to nip the trouble in the bud. “I shall not use even the armed police. I will order the Army to act, and I will use tanks and aeroplanes to suppress anybody who wants to make trouble.” However, no such thing happened. Millions died. The British troops did not intervene. Even now, a feeling of guilt persists among some British researchers. Link to article: https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/british-army-could-have-prevented-partition-riots-450971/

Prof. Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmed takes up in this third and final episode on the Sikhs and Partition the offer Jinnah made to the Sikhs during 15-16 May 1947 if they supported Pakistan and the partition of India and why did the Sikhs reject it? This is the final controversy on which much confusion and misinformation exists. The controversy is laid to rest in the light of evidence and proof.

Reference article; https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Network-of-Canal-in-Thal-1954-Source-One-of-the-network-canal-which-turned-an-area_fig1_371540584 Excerpts: This article explains the post partition scenario in East and West of the Pakistani Punjab.This imperative research includes the details of disturbances in Sargodha (a city of Punjab) through primary and secondary sources along with facts and figures. Pattern of settlement has been explained following by the developmental projects in this region. In September 1947, there was a significant record of assault in the Mianwali locale, the greater part of the Hindu and Sikh populace (being 6000  men, ladies, and kids) were  slaughtered and consumed  alive.  Youngsters  were  grabbed  away  from their mom's arms and tossed into the bubbling oil. Many ladies saved their distinction by hopping into wells and hurling themselves entirely into consuming houses. Young ladies of 8 to 10 years old were assaulted within the sight of their folks and afterward put absurdly brutally (Major, 1995). Monstrosities  were  on  their  pinnacle,  individuals  were  tormented  both  truly  and intellectually,  the  bosoms  of  ladies were  sliced  and  they  were  made  to  walk  all exposed in lines of five in the marketplaces of Harnoli, Mianwali. Around 800 young ladies and ladies were  stolen and little youngsters were meandering stripped in the wildernesses  and  were  hijacked  by  the  passers-by.  Trains had additionally been assaulted in Mianwali and there was a report about the plundering of a whole train on the Khushab-Kundian line someplace close to the Mianwali line. A tough spot  was  made because of  Muslim zeal  in Soon  Valley of  Khushab. In Mianwali district, trans-border Pathans proved a menace. the local Pathans with their encounters pillaged non-Muslim  villages, especially in  Police Stations Piplan and  Harnoli,  Mianwali.  Non-Muslims  got  panicked,  at  the  latter  place  took  up positions  and  opened  indiscriminate  firing,  injuring  two  soldiers,  despite  a Magistrate‟s efforts. Firing was eventually exchanged by the Magistrate‟s party and it  continued  for 36  hours before  the  non-Muslims  gave  up.  They  suffered  heavy causalities. Very critical situation was averted at Sargodha by the timely arrival of police when Gurkha  soldiers  entered  the  local  Juma  mosque  on  information  that  forcible conversions of  Hindus  were taking  place. Muslim mobs looted Hindus  houses  in Chak Ram Dass, Mehga Jhawarian and Miani in the district. In Miani, they killed 74 non-Muslims including women and children but Police were able to arrest 283 of the attackers and recovered looted  property and arms.  About 45  non-Muslims moving from Kinderabad to Sargodha were killed en-route. From  Mianwali, a  gun  with  25  cartridges,  a  303  bore  revolver with 4  rounds,  18 bottles  bomb,  two  acid  bottles  and  sharp-edged  weapons  were  recovered  from Hindus, 8 of whom were arrested.6 A sudden attack was appeared by a heavily armed Muslim mob on Mianwali town was checked after a night long battle of police and military. Fifty Hindus and 12 Muslims were killed and 35 Hindus were injured. In Mianwali district,  the Hindu and  Sikh concentration at  Kalabagh was  attacked  by Muslims, as a result of which 8 Hindus and 2 Muslims got died and 12 Hindus got injured. A Hindu station Master of Shah Alam, Mianwali district, and his wife were killed and their property were looted. A mob attacked the evacuee‟s camp at Nawan  Jandanwala in the same district killing two non-Muslims. Two of the raiders were wounded by the troops, who opened fire. Armed Muslim mobs raiding Darya Khan on two  occasions succeeded  in killing 84 Hindus but  left 24  dead by  military and police stationed there.  An attempt by a  Muslim mob to attack the evacuees‟ camp at Darya Khan was failed by police and military firing. About 600 Muslims intended to attack a military special train at Daud Khel railway station in Mianwali district were dispersed by troops. In Sargodha, a mob of 20 Muslims carrying spears killed three Hindus and  three Sikhs on  their way  from Farooqa to Sillanwali. A dozen armed Muslims killed the Head Postmaster at Sodhi, P.S Nowshera district Khushab along with  his  wife  and  two  little  daughters,  they  had  embraced  Islam  but  wanted evacuation.  Some  armed  local  goondas  exchanged  shots  with  a  police  patrol  in Nowshera village without casualties.

A collection of historical books on Punjab has been meticulously digitized and are available here in the Panjab Digital Library (based in Chandigarh, Punjab). There are series of books on the subject of Partition such as growing religious tensions in 1946, the Punjab Boundary Comission reports of 1947, train massacres in West and East Punjab, and personal accounts of the refugees. This library provides a wealth of information for your own research and knowledge. http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/mainpage.jsp?CategoryID=1&Searched=partition&typebox=1